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Long-form notes on engineering, architecture, and building reliable systems.

TOON vs JSON: Supercharge Your LLM Prompts & Cut Token Costs

November 5, 2025

TOON vs JSON: Supercharge Your LLM Prompts & Cut Token Costs

Token-Oriented Object Notation (TOON) is a compact, LLM-optimized alternative to JSON for serializing structured, mostly flat/tabular data. By removing repeated field names, quotes and redundant punctuation, TOON reduces token usage by roughly 30–60% in real-world AI workflows, leading to lower API bills, larger usable context windows, and often better model retrieval accuracy.

AILLMJSONPerformance

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January 15, 2025

Understanding AI Agents: The Architecture Behind Autonomous Problem-Solving

We've all seen it: you ask an AI to search, debug, and fix code—and it happens autonomously. But here's the thing: there's no new AI magic here. It's the same type of language model you've been using all along. The difference isn't the brain. It's the scaffolding around it.

AITechnologyArchitecture

January 14, 2025

What Really Happens When You Press Play on YouTube

You tap a video. It starts playing almost instantly. That moment—between tap and first frame—activates one of the largest distributed systems ever built.

TechnologySystems Design

January 13, 2025

One Breach. Two Very Different Outcomes.

At this very moment, somewhere in the world, a user database is being compromised. Millions of credentials are copied in seconds. In one case, attackers remain undetected for months.

SecurityTechnology

January 12, 2025

Why Netflix Rarely Crashes — And How You Can Build Systems That Don't Break Under Pressure

Why did Netflix handle millions of concurrent viewers watching Stranger Things while other platforms collapsed on launch day? It's not luck. It's architecture.

Systems DesignEngineering

January 11, 2025

Understanding Availability: The Real Backbone of Reliable Systems

Every engineer has experienced it: you open an app or hit play on a video and—nothing. A while back, YouTube had a global outage that lasted close to an hour.

Systems DesignReliability

January 10, 2025

AI Won't Replace Developers — But It Will Replace the Unprepared Ones

For many new developers, the rapid growth of tools like ChatGPT, Claude, Cursor, Copilot, and countless emerging AI assistants has created a real sense of uncertainty.

CareerAITechnology
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